Lecturer: Dr. sc. Melita Carević, LL.M.

Objectives:

to understand the main elements of the WTO case analysis, to develop critical assessment of the parties' arguments.

Reading:

• scan the Air Transport Association of America case (C-366/10) which you read for Unit 7 (http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62010CJ0366&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=)
• Consolidated text of the EU ETS Directive (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02003L0087-20140430) - Articles 16(5), 25(a), Annex I - part relating to Aviation activities 
• Articles III(1), III(2), III(4) and XX of the GATT (https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_e.pdf)
• Lorand Bartels, 'The Inclusion of Aviation in the EU ETS: WTO Law Considerations' ICTSD Issue Paper No. 6, available at http://www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/research/2012/05/the-inclusion-of-aviation-in-the-eu-ets-wto-law-considerations.pdf 

Objectives: investigating the level of trade liberalisation in the area of non-pecuniary (non-fiscal) trade restrictions. Understanding that Art. 34 TFEU (ex Art. 28 EC) goes well beyond requiring non-discrimination and that ever since Dassonville and Cassis, it was clear that other types of obstacles to trade can also be prohibited. The interpretation of 28 EC (now Art. 34 TFEU) relies on the measure's effects on market access. In contrast, comparable WTO rules Arts. III, XI GATT do not go beyond the requirement of non-discrimination (as they do not even ban all types of discrimination, but instead only intentional discrimination). However, there are WTO cases concerning the TBT and SPS agreements which suggest that these agreements move beyond non-discrimination. .

Reading

- Presentation unit 3

- Arts. 34-36 TFEU (ex Art. 28-30 EC) v. Arts. III:4, XI, XX GATT;

- TBT and SPS Agreements;

EU cases:

- 8/74 Procureur du Roi v. Dassonville [1974] ECR 837;

- 120/78 Rewe-Zentrale AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung fur Branntwein [1979] ECR 649, Cassis de Dijon;

- C-267-8/91 Criminal proceedings against Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-609716;

- Opinion of AG Kokott in C-142/05 Aklagaren v. Mickelsson & Roos;

GATT/WTO cases

- US - Tuna/Dolphin, unadopted GATT Panel report; see facts; paras 5.8-5.16, 7.1;

- EC – Asbestos, AB Report, WT/DS135/AB/R, 12/03/2001; see facts, paras 88-141; 149-154.

- EC Hormones, AB Report, WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, 16 January 1998, see facts; paras 188-209.

- T. Perišin, Free Movement of Goods and Limits of Regulatory Autonomy in the EU and WTO, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2008, p 17-80, 127-195: 

Part 5.1. TBT ans SPS Agreements

Objectives: Understanding that there are relatively narrow areas of WTO where its trade liberalisation goes beyond the requirement of non-protectionism and in this way slightly approaches the EU model.

The TBT and SPS agreements have a role in greater deregulation by requiring the removal of not only protecitionist measures, but also of other measures not based on science. For example, the case law has demonstrated that the SPS prevents, firstly, protectionism and, secondly, other unnecessary trade restrictions of two kinds: one kind are measures adopted for the achievement of a higher level of protection than provided for by the relevant international standard if these measures are not based on a risk assessment; and the other are measures maintained without being “objectively and rationally” connected with scientific evidence. Similarly, the TBT, apart from preventing protectionism, also prevents the adoption of national measures which are not based on an existing international standard if this standard is “effective or appropriate” in fulfilling that country’s legitimate objectives.

The TBT and SPS also have a role in promoting mutual recognition and international standardisation. 

Reading

- TBT and SPS Agreements;

- EC Hormones, AB Report, WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, 16 January 1998, see facts; paras 188-209. 

- EC Sardines, AB Report, WT/DS231/AB/R, 26 September 2002, see facts and legal provisions; paras 234-261;276-291.

- CJEU: Case C-171/11 Fra.bo (2012, nyr).

- T. Perišin, Free Movement of Goods and Limits of Regulatory Autonomy in the EU and WTO, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2008, p 165-195:

Objectives: Examining the disciplines on trade-restrictive measures in the context of the EU free movement provisions and the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services. Comparing the impact and significance of market access and domestic regulation in the context of services with the same problems in the context of trade in goods. Assessing the extent of services liberalization within the EU and WTO and pointing out the differences, such as the fact that the GATS depends largely on specific concessions by the Contracting Parties. Contrasting the seemingly wide scope of GATS disciplines with the deeper impact of EU rules.

Part 5.2. Services

Reading

- Presentation
- Relevant Articles of the TFEU;
- The Services Directive [Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market, OJ L 376] (skim Arts. 1-3, 9-18)
- The GATS Agreement (skim the general part, skip the annexes)

EU cases:

C-55/94, Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] ECR I-4165
C-384/93, Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën [1995] ECR I-1141
C-36/02, Omega Spielhallen- und Automatenaufstellungs-GmbH v Oberbürgermeisterin der Bundesstadt Bonn [2004] ECR I-9609

GATS case

US-Gambling, AB Report, see facts; sectionVI, section VIIb and VIIc.
 
- C. Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU, OUP, Oxford, 2007, pp 308-310; 354-408.
- WTO GATS Training Module

EXTERNAL EFFECTS OF THE INTERNAL MARKET - WTO CHALLENGES TO EU SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES

Reading:

P. Van de Bossche, W. Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Chapter 14 (Sanitary and phytosanitary measures) - but only pages 894 to 932. - available on the e-learning site.

GREEN SUBSIDIES - FIT v. PreussenElektra

Reading: 

P. Van de Bossche, W. Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Chapter 12 (Subsidies) - but only pages 744 to 813.  - available on the e-learning site.

Appellate Body Reports, Canada - Renewable Energy/Canada - Feed-In Tariff Program, pages 117 to 140.

Guest Speaker: Ms. Gordana Topić, LLM - European Commission, DG Environment

Objectives: understading the external effects of internal measures - examining this issue on the example of the EU's Seal Products Regulation. This Regulation has been challenged both in the EU and in the WTO, and it has consequntly been amended.

Reading: 

- T. Perišin, Is the EU Seal Products Regulation a Sealed Deal? EU and WTO Challenges

- WTO EC - Seal Products dispute

- Seal Products Regulation - NEW (changed version after the WTO dispute)

Guest professor: 

Prof. Derrick Wyatt, QC

University of Oxford                                                                                                                                                                 

Guest speaker:

Dr. Mislav Mataija, LLM

European Commission Legal Service - WTO Team

Reading:

- T. Perišin, EU Identity from the Perspective of the WTO – The Spillover Effects of the Union’s Internal Market in the International Trading Arena

- see organisation of the European Commission Legal Service